INSURANCE LAW Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

INSURANCE LAW - Coursework Example ..... ts pursuant to which shares are proportioned among members to provide coverage of the management’s expenses and contemplated claims that will likely arise. Pagonis explains: In theory, the clubs pass back to the shipowners the benefit of a good underwriting year through reduced or returned premiums. In practice, the shipowners are usually asked to pay â€Å"back calls† in order to cover expenses and claims that were not foreseen in the budget.12 The primary purpose of P&I Clubs is to provide indemnity insurance as opposed to liability insurance. Even so, shipowners join P&I Clubs primarily to provide insurance in a variety of risks that are not provided for by virtue of H&M insurance policies.13 Shipowners join P&I clubs based on the â€Å"principle of mutuality – the joint, shared or reciprocal protection against losses.†14 Since P&I Clubs are by their nature not conventional insurance providers, but rather indemnity and protection organizations, there is some doubt as to whether or not maritime insurance actions can be applied against P&I Clubs. In The Alloborgia, the House of Lords ruled that P&I Clubs can be applied to the Third Parties Act but could only be applied in terms of indemnity relative to risks covered.15 P&I Clubs function under their own regulatory framework which governs the members’ relationships and the relationship between the club and the members and are generally viewed as a core part of the applicable insurance policy. For this reason, direct actions against P&I Clubs are prescribed by reference to specific statutory terms.16 Moreover, direct action against P&I Clubs are subject to the tortfeasor’s â€Å"status† as â€Å"member of the Club† and the Club’s rules as well as the clauses contained in the insurance policy.17 P&I Clubs will

Enrichment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Enrichment - Research Paper Example It challenged America’s notion of an immigrant nation. It reflected the racist views of the time when European visitors, the whites, were welcomed through Ellis Island but the non-whites coming through the Angel Island in the Pacific coast who were seen as criminals and delinquents who had to be deported or detained. The Angel Island station was operational for thirty years from 1910 -1930 within which time it came to be known as a detention facility and sought to exclude the Chinese after the passing of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. The number of people coming in through Ellis Island was far greater than those entering through Angel Island. In the present day both Angel Island and Ellis Island immigration stations have undergone preservation and restoration. Ellis Island is being projected as a symbol of America’s immigration tradition and hospitality which has a strong support group for its restoration. The Ellis Island Immigration Museum opened in 1990 and till today evokes a sense of hope. Angel Island on the other hand does not have a strong support group as many people do not know about it and it stands as a symbol of America’s racist past. After a closure of four years it was opened to public on 15th February 2009 and serves to remind them of the pain and agony undergone by the people who migrated